HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that targets the body’s immune system, specifically CD4 cells, which are essential for protecting the body against infections. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Common modes of transmission include:

• Unprotected sex with an HIV-positive individual.
• Sharing injection needles.
• Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding (without treatment).

HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging or sharing food and drinks.

1. Acute Infection: Flu-like symptoms may appear 2–4 weeks after exposure (e.g., fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes).
2. Chronic HIV Infection: The virus levels are low, but it gradually weakens the immune system. This stage can last for years without symptoms.
3. AIDS: Without treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS, severely damaging the immune system and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis.

• Testing: HIV is diagnosed through blood tests or rapid tests that detect antibodies to the virus.
• Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral levels, prevents immune system damage, and eliminates the risk of transmission (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).

• Condoms: Highly effective protection during vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
• PrEP: A daily medication for people without HIV to prevent infection.
• PEP: Emergency treatment that must be started within 72 hours after potential exposure.
• Testing During Pregnancy: Pregnant individuals with HIV can prevent virus transmission to their child with proper treatment.

With appropriate treatment, living with HIV today means leading a long, healthy life without transmitting the virus during unprotected sex.